Which of the following can NOT support the fact th

单项选择题

Like the blues, jazz emphasizes individualism. The performer is at the same time the composer, shaping the music into style and form. A traditional melody or harmonic framework may serve as the takeoff point for improvisation, but it is the personality of the player and the way he or she improvises that produces the music. Performances of the same work differ from player to player, for each recreates the music in his or her own individual way. Jazz is learned through oral tradition, as is folk song, and those who would learn to play it do so primarily by listening to others playing jazz.
Although improvisational in nature, jazz nonetheless contains recognizable elements that derive from older musical traditions. The influence of ragtime (拉格泰姆音乐) is represented in jazz by the emphasis on syncopation (切分音) and the presence of the piano in the ensemble. The influence of the brass band reveals itself in the jazz instrumentation (乐器法), in the roles assigned to each instrument, and in the resulting musical texture. In the classic New Orleans band, for example, three instruments are given melodic roles, the cornet typically plays the lead, the clarinet plays a counter melody, and the trombone plays the lower voice of the trio. The other instruments-- the drums, banjos, guitars, and basses--function as the rhythm section. Although pianos were added to jazz bands from the beginning and often a second cornet as well, the instruments remained basically the same as in brass bands. Later, trumpets took the place of cornets and saxophones were added or used in place of clarinets. The addition of saxophones suggests the influence of the syncopated dance orchestra which used saxophones early in its development.
The brass band emphasized the ensemble sound, as distinguished from solo music, and this tradition, too, passed over into the performances of early jazz bands. In many jazz performances of the early 1920s, for example, all of the instruments play throughout the piece, the cornet always retaining the lead melody. In performances that include solo passages, the other instruments typically give firm support, particularly the rhythm section. The ensemble sound of the brass band was basically polyphonic in nature, not chordal. As many as two or three clearly defined melodic lines dominated the texture, and frequently the rhythm instruments furnished little counter melodies.
The polyphonic (复调的) texture of the music was a result of "collective improvisation" with each melody player improving his or her part in such a way that the parts combined into a balanced integrated whole. The concept of jazz improvisation changed its implications over the years. In this early period, the performer embellished the melody, adding extra tones and altering note values, but in such a manner as to retain the essential shape of the original melody.
The most salient features of jazz derive directly from the blues: its soloists approximate the voice with their instruments, but try to recreate its singing style and blue notes by using scooping, sliding, whining, growling, and falsetto effects. Finally, jazz uses the call- and-response style of the blues, by employing an antiphonal relationship between two solo instruments or between solo and ensemble.
Jazz is created from the synthesis of certain elements in the style of its precursors. Its most striking feature is its exotic sound, which is produced not only by the kinds of instruments used in the orchestra, but also from the manner in which intonation is used. Instead of obtaining exact pitches, the players glide freely from one not to another (or through long series of notes in glissandos) and frequently fluctuate the pitches (i. e., use a wide vibrato)

Which of the following can NOT support the fact that jazz emphasizes individualism

A．The performer is at the same time the composer.
B．The player’s personality decides what he produces.
C．Performances of the same work differ from player to player.
D．Learners begin with listening to others playing jazz.